英语语法精讲(第14节):直接引语和间接引语

时间:2023-10-11 00:29:49 阅读:10

英语语法精讲(第14节):直接引语和直接引语

直接引语和直接引语 Direct & Indirect Speech

当引用或转述他人说的话时,一字不改地将他人的话加以引用,叫直接引语;用本人的话去转述他人的话,叫直接引语。寻常来讲,直接引语必需放在引号内;直接引语不必引号,并且多用宾语从句的情势表达。

比如: She said, “I was ill yesterday.” (直接引语)

她说:“我昨天抱病了。”

She said that she had been ill the day before. (直接引语)

她说她前一天抱病了。

由以上例句可以看出,直接引语变为直接引语时,不仅要把直接引语变为宾语从句,增长连词that,并且还需相应地改动代词、动词和状语。如 I 变成了she,was变成 had been,yesterday 变成 the day before。

一、人称厘革

人称厘革可以依照如下口诀:“一主,二宾,三安定”。

“一主”是指在直接引语变直接引语时,假如从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称要依照主句中主语的人称厘革。

比如:She said,“My brother wants to go with me.”

她说:“我兄弟要与我一同去。”

She said her brother wanted to go with her.

她说她哥哥(弟弟)要与她一同去。

“二宾”是指直接引语变直接引语时,假如从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人“你”所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一律。假如引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。

比如:He said to Kate,“How is your sister now?”

他对凯特说,“你姐姐(妹妹)如今怎样样?”

He asked Kate how her sister was then.

他扣问凯特事先她姐姐(妹妹)怎样样。

“三安定”是指直接引语变直接引语时,假如从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰,从句中的人称寻常不必要厘革。

比如:Mr. Smith said,“Jack is a good worker.”

史密斯教师说,“杰克是一位好工人。”

Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.

史密斯教师说,杰克是一位好工人。

二、时态厘革

直接引语在改为直接引语时,时态必要做相应的厘革。其基本端正是从句时态要和主句时态一律。即:从句是寻常如今时,变为寻常已往时;寻常已往时,变为已往完成时;寻常将来时,变为已往将来时。即,从句的时态在时间上要往前方“推”一个时态。

比如:She said,“I have lost a pen.”

她说,“我丢了一支钢笔。”

She said she had lost a pen. (如今完成时 → 已往完成时)

她说她丢了一支钢笔。

She said,“We hope so.”

她说,“我们渴望云云。”

She said they hoped so. (寻常如今时 → 寻常已往时)

她说他们渴望云云。

She said, “He will go to see his friend.”

她说,“他将去见他的伙伴。”

She said he would go to see his friend. (寻常将来时 → 已往将来时)

她说他将去见他的伙伴。

注意:底下几种情况,在直接引语变为直接引语时,时态寻常安定化。

(1)直接引语是客观真理

比如:“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth,”the teacher told me.

教师报告我:“地球绕着太阳转,玉轮绕着地球转。”

The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.

教师报告我,地球绕着太阳转,玉轮绕着地球转。

(2)直接引语是已往举行时,时态安定

比如:Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”

杰克说,“约翰,我在街上见到你时,你是去哪儿?”

Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.

杰克问约翰,他在街上见到他时他是去哪儿.

(3)直接引语中有具体的已往某年、某月、某日作状语,变为直接引语时,时态安定。

比如:Xiao Wang said,“I was born on April 20, 1980.”

小王说,“我出生于1980年4月20日。”

Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.

小王说他出生于1980年4月20日。

(4)直接引语假如是寻常如今时,表现反复显现或习气性的举措,变直接引语,时态安定。

比如:He said, “I get up at six every morning.”

他说,“我天天早上6点起床。”

He said he gets up at six every morning.

他说他天天早上6点起床。

(5)假如直接引语中的模样形状动词没有已往时的情势(ought to,had better,used to)和以前是已往时的情势时(could, should, would, might),不再厘革。

比如:Peter said,“You had better come here today.”

皮特说,“你最好今天来这儿。”

Peter said I had better go there that day.

皮特说我最好那天去那儿。

三、别的厘革

直接引语变直接引语,具有指代性的词也必要厘革,一些具体厘革如下:

指示代词: this —that, these —those

表现时间的词: now —then, today —that day, yesterday —the day before

the day before yesterday — two days before

this week(month, etc.) —that week (month, etc.) ,

last week(month) —the week(month) before ,

three days(a year)ago —three days(a year)before,

tomorrow —the next (following ) day,

next week(month) —the next(following)week(month)

表现地点的词: here —there,

动词: bring —take, come —go

四、句型

1)直接引语假如是报告句,直接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。

比如:She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”

她说,“我们的公交车将在5分钟后抵达。”

She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

她说他们的公交车将在5分钟后抵达。

2)直接引语假如是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或寻常疑问句,直接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。

比如: He said, “Can you swim, John?”

她说,“约翰,你会游泳吗?”

He asked John if he could swim.

他问约翰他对否会游泳。

“You have finished the homework, haven't you?”my mother asked.

“你以前完成作业了,是吗?”妈妈问。

My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.

妈妈问我对否以前完成了作业。

“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”

“你上学是乘公交车照旧骑自行车?”

He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

他问我上学是乘公交车照旧骑自行车。

(3)直接引语假如是特别问句,直接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必需用报告句语序)。

比如:She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?”

她问我,“他们什么时分吃晚饭?”

She asked me when they had their dinner.

她问我他们什么时分吃晚饭。

(4) 直接引语假如是祈使句,直接引语应改为 “tell (ask, order, beg等) sb. (not) to do sth.”句型。

比如:“Don't make any noise,”she said to the children.

“别发射杂音,”她对孩子们说。

She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.

他报告(下令)孩子们不要发射杂音。

“Bring me a cup of tea, please,”said she.

“请给我拿一杯茶,”她说。

She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

她让他拿一杯茶。

(5)直接引语假如是以“Let's”开头的祈使句,变为直接引语时,

通常用“suggest + 动名词(或从句)。”

比如: He said, “Let's go to the film.”

他说,“我们去看影戏吧。”

He suggested going to the film.

他发起去看影戏。

He suggested that they should go to see the film.

他发起他们去看影戏。

(下期预告:模样形状动词。 更多英语学习内容,敬请持续眷注“友胜讲堂”)

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